VISION: Important Articles

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Saturday, March 19, 2022

Important Articles of Constitution of India 2022

aditya 21:49

The Constitution of India has 395 articles contained in 22 parts. It also has 12 schedules. Since its adoption in 26 November, 1949, the constitution has been amended for about 103 times.

The Constitution of India has 395 articles contained in 22 parts. It also has 12 schedules. Since its adoption in 26 November, 1949, the constitution has been amended for about 103 times. The total number of Amendment Bills that have been introduced till now in parliament is 126.

PART 1 THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

Article 3 – Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States

PART 2 CITIZENSHIP

Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.

Article 10 – Continuance of the rights of citizenship.

Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part 3 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 14- Equality before law

Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 19 – Freedom of:

speech and expression,
peaceful assembly
association,
movement,
residence

Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offenses.

Article 32 – Right to constitutional remedies.

Part 4 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

Article 39 – Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.

Article 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.

Article 43 – Living wage, etc., for workers.

Article 44 – Uniform civil code for the citizens

Part 5 UNION EXECUTIVE & PARLIAMENT

The HINDU Notes – 26th March

the hindu notes

VisionIAS 12:06

THE HINDU – CURRENT NOTE 26 March

‘We back indigenisation, but Tejas didn’t fit the bill’

•Naval chief outlines his vision for the force based on timelines for projects and induction of personnel, especially women

•The Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sunil Lanba, in a wide-ranging interview with The Hindu, clarifies that the Navy has only taken a purely technical decision in turning down the naval version of the light combat aircraft developed by the DRDO despite its strong commitment to indigenisation. He highlights the need to step up training facilities to meet personnel shortage and the Navy’s strong ‘Act East’ focus.

•All along, the Navy had placed thrust on indigenisation of assets, but is now facing flak for turning down the home-grown fighter LCA Navy, which is being read as a retreat from the earlier commitment.

•We are the pioneers of indigenisation, which we started in the 1960s and have worked shoulder-to-shoulder with the DRDO, whose naval labs also have naval personnel. As for the LCA (light combat aircraft Tejas) programme, the Navy was the first service to support the ADA (the Aeronautical Development Agency) in its development and the Air Force came on board at a later date. What the Navy wants is a deck-based fighter, but the LCA Navy Mk1 doesn’t meet that requirement. Its power-to-weight ratio, the thrust the engine generates [are insufficient] and it’s underpowered for the airframe. Unfortunately, even the Mk2 variant doesn’t qualify. That’s why we took this case up to the Defence Ministry.

•A good 25% of the financial support for the project comes from the Navy. As and when the ADA produces a fighter that can operate from the deck of an aircraft carrier, we will be more than willing to acquire it and fly it. The LCA Navy was supposed to be flying off from [the aircraft carrier] Vikramaditya. The second carrier, Vikrant, should be sailing in 2019. So we want a deck-based fighter today. The timelines that the ADA promised to generate one was over a decade ago. We are looking at a period of at least a decade for the ADA to produce a deck-based fighter. In the meantime, the Ministry has allowed us to go ahead and look for a fighter that meets our requirements following which we issued an RFI.

•Timelines have slipped for the under-construction, maiden indigenous carrier Vikrant thanks in part also to delay in delivery of aviation equipment from Russia. Also, what is the latest on the third carrier?

•There have been some delays in the delivery of equipment for the aviation complex from Russia. We are hopeful that Vikrant will start going to trials in 2019.

•As for the IAC-II [second indigenous aircraft carrier], we are taking up the case with the Ministry for which we will get an approval sooner than later. We are looking at a CATOBAR aircraft carrier above 65,000 tonnes and with EMALS and an advanced air strip.

•What will be the fate of the decommissioned carrier INS Viraat?

•The Navy will like the Viraat to be converted into a museum, but it is not the Navy’s job to do that. We made an offer through the Ministry to all the coastal States, but only Andhra Pradesh responded. The offer was that we will give the ship to you and you will convert it into a maritime museum at your cost, without any funding from the Ministry. The proposal that we got from Andhra Pradesh was for a 50:50 partnership. The Ministry is very clear that they are not going to do that. So, at the moment, we have no proposal to convert her into a museum. If we don’t have a concrete proposal, we propose that the ship be scrapped. Off the cuff, what I thought was we could take her out to sea and make her a maritime museum by sinking her in 30-40 metres of water not far from the coast, thereby turning her into a diving site. Interested people will dive to have a sight of the ship.

•We don’t want to go through the Vikrant experience in which we gifted the ship to the State of Maharashtra for ₹1 and got stuck with her for 17 years, occupying valuable berthing space. And, then there was this hullabaloo when she was to be scrapped. It’s a costly affair to convert a carrier into a floating maritime museum and given the cost of construction of a jetty, it costs you roughly about ₹1,000 crore.

•How do you plan to address shortage of personnel and also attain gender parity by inducting women officers in combat roles?

•There is a steady growth in the number of sailors and officers being integrated, and overall shortages as per percentage have come down. But we are constrained by our capacity to train. We have to get the right kind of people and have to compete with other avenues that are open to youngsters to get the kind of people we need. The shortages are gradually being bridged, with the Indian Naval Academy working in full capacity at 1,300 cadets. We induct about 800 officers each year, but 500 retire annually. So the net gain is 300. With increase in training capacity and the government sanctioning more numbers, we will be able to liquidate the shortage in five to six years.

•The other issue is of inducting women to serve on board ships. We have about 570 women officers in branches such as education, logistics, ATC, as observers on maritime reconnaissance aircraft and the law, and not counting the doctors. We have identified ships on which [billeting] facilities are available for women officers and are working on the modalities of their induction on board ships. We need some minimum numbers [of women] on each ship. We are also going to do a survey and ask them if they want to serve on board ships. And then we will take a call and take this proposal forward.

•A string of accidents had dented the image of the Navy a couple of years ago. It seemed to be a thing of the past when the frigate INS Betwa collapsed on its side in the drydock late last year.

•To be honest, I cannot give an assurance that there will be zero accidents. But SOPs have been put in place and a culture of safety is being enforced. The number of accidents has come down drastically lately. Some of those past incidents have been blown out of proportion by the media.INS Betwa’s was an accident that shouldn’t have happened. A Board of Inquiry is looking into it. Basically, there was a mistake in calculating the stability [on the blocks].

•Of late, the Navy has been focussing strongly on the eastern side, strengthening the security apparatus along the island chains.

•In Andaman and Nicobar, newer and more capable assets are in place in the form of Kora-class ships [corvettes] and there is a long-term infrastructure plan where airfields in the northern group of islands are being strengthened and lengthened for heavier aircraft to operate. A similar project is taking place in the south. Infrastructure plans of making OTR (operational turnaround) facilities in the southern group of islands have started to move. The Boeing P8I [long range maritime reconnaissance aircraft] is being deployed from Port Blair.

•At the same time, our cooperation with our neighbours in the east has grown. We have resolved our maritime boundary issues with Bangladesh and there is much greater interaction with Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore. It’s no just ‘Look East’, we are also ‘Acting East’ in accordance with the government’s policy.

•We are assisting island nations in the IOR (Indian Ocean Region) and neighbours in the East in capability enhancement and are doing coordinated patrols with Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.

A leaner military is on the cards

•Jaitley approves most proposals of expert committee; ex-servicemen may take over running of NCC

•The government has approved a host of reforms in the military, with proposals to cut flab and improve financial management.

•If the proposal to reduce deployment of active-duty soldiers in avoidable postings were to be implemented, retired officers and jawans will replace serving personnel in the running of the National Cadet Corps (NCC).

•Arun Jaitley, who took additional charge as Defence Minister last week, has approved most of the proposals of a committee of experts, headed by Lt. Gen. D.B. Shekatkar (Retd), constituted by the Defence Ministry. The committee, set up in 2015 to recommend measures to enhance combat capability and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces, submitted its final report in December 2016. Sources said Mr. Jaitley had approved in principle 90 of the recommendations.

Huge savings

•The committee has said that if its recommendations are implemented over the next five years, the government can save up to ₹25,000 crore from the current expenditure. Most of the recommendations are measures to cut down flab in the Army to make it lean and agile and increase coordination among the three Services.

•The panel has recommended a roll-on defence budget to have enough capital expenditure available for modernisation as against the present practice of surrendering unspent capital budget at the end of each financial year.

Performance audit

•The committee has recommended a performance audit of the role of non-combat organisations under the Defence Ministry. The organisations include those dealing with defence estates and accounts, the Director- General of Quality Assurance, the Ordnance Factory Board, the Defence Research and Development Organisation and the NCC.

•The committee has suggested downsizing or rationalisation of manpower in these organisations, which can lead to significant savings. Another recommendation is the setting up of a joint services war college for training middle-level officers.

•Sources said comprehensive reforms in the running of NCC could be rolled out over the next few years. Progressively, the NCC could be run by re-employed or on-contract ex-service personnel. It is not clear if the NCC will be transferred out of the Defence Ministry to the HRD Ministry, as recommended by the committee.

Oldest fossils hold clue to origin of life

•The find shows early diversification of organisms

•Life on Earth may have originated earlier than thought and could have done so in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. A new study in Nature finds the origin of life at at least 3,770 million and possibly 4,290 million years ago in ferruginous sedimentary rocks, interpreted as seafloor-hydrothermal vent-related precipitates from the Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt of Eastern Canada. Scientists led by Dr. Dominic Papineau of University College London made the discovery.

•Epifluorescence imaging of modern vent samples has shown that cylindrical casts composed of iron oxyhydroxide are formed by bacterial cells and are undeniably of biological origin (biogenic). Hence, morphologically similar tubes and filaments in ancient jaspers may be taken as evidence that the jaspers held organisms that can survive elevated temperatures.

•“The fact that we found microfossils in these rocks shows that within only a few hundred million years of the accretion of the Earth, life had not only originated, but had also already diversified into specialised microorganisms living in hydrothermal vent environments where biologists have been suggesting for years that that was the site for the origin of life on Earth,” noted Dr. Papineau in an email to this Correspondent.

•The scientists found that NSB rocks contain graphite with ratios of the 13C/12C isotopes (the two naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon – 13C having one more neutron than 12C) indicative of biological metabolism. The mineral graphite is composed of carbon and can form during the metamorphism of biological organic matter. It is the same for carbonate, but these minerals represent oxidised organic matter.

Rosette remnants

•Microscopic spheroidally-concentric mineral structures called rosettes were found in the NSB rocks and are composed of apatite (the phosphate mineral in our teeth and bones), carbonate, and graphite. Also found were granules which are similar to rosettes, but slightly larger, up to 2 mm in diameter. The granules contain different iron minerals that indicate the former presence of chemical reactions. The scientists believe that both rosettes and granules are the mineralised products of putrefaction.

•On the basis of chemical and morphological lines of evidence, the tubes, filaments and granules are best explained as remains of iron-metabolising (consuming iron) filamentous bacteria, and therefore represent the oldest life forms recognized on Earth.

•“Some bacteria can literally eat iron, which is what we think these ones were doing more than 3.77 billion years ago. All these lines of evidence have also been documented in younger jasper that formed when we know life existed, as well as in modern ferruginous-siliceous (iron–silica containing) precipitates in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents. Hence, we conclude that we have found the oldest fossils known,” Dr. Papineau says.

Have foreign fund flows been volatile?

Why were FIIs being bearish?

•If the period between the last quarter of 2016 and early 2017 was anything to go by, FIIs were quite bearish, both in debt and equity. Between October 2016 and end-January 2017, FIIs were net sellers in the debt and equity segments at ₹48,406 crore and ₹31,903 crore, as per data from the National Securities Depository (NSDL).

•The equity segment saw selling by FIIs on expectations that the new government in the U.S. under President Donald Trump would take fiscal steps to boost growth even as interest rates trended higher, thereby making the other markets relatively less attractive. Incidentally, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised rates by 0.25% on March 15, only the third such increase in a decade.

•There was some amount of profit booking in the equity segment on account of demonetisation as well, which is expected to dent corporate earnings over the next few quarters.

•Portfolio management firm Sanctum Wealth attributes the outflows in the debt segment to the infusion of fresh deposits in the banking system that is likely to bolster demand for government bonds at banks, which augurs well for bond prices but makes debt less attractive for yield investors. The narrowing of the rate differential is likely to keep foreign investors on the sidelines, it said.

What makes FIIs so important?

•FIIs have been the prime drivers of every bull run in the Indian equity market. They have been attracted by the handsome returns and the robust regulatory and trading mechanisms of the country for long. Data on foreign flows in the Indian equity and debt segments are available from 1992-93, and since then, they have invested ₹8.51 lakh crore in equities and ₹2.82 lakh crore in debt. Interestingly, between 1992-93 and 2015-16, there have been only three financial years (1998-99, 2008-09, 2015-16) when FIIs ended the fiscal period as net sellers of equity. In the debt segment, they were net sellers on five occasions.

•Within the Asia ex-Japan pack, India traditionally features among the highest recipients of foreign money.

When will foreign flows stabilise?

•Going by the data for the past two months, it seems the outflows have stabilised for now. Data show that foreign investors have been net buyers of Indian debt at ₹17,630 crore in February and March. In equities, they have been all the more bullish, putting in a cumulative amount of ₹30,863 crore in this period. But a section of market analysts feels that it is too early to conclude that the trends have changed as the past two months have seen a reversal in flows across all emerging markets, not just India. For instance, while India has seen inflows of $4.6 billion in the current calendar year, as per Bloomberg data, South Korea and Taiwan have also seen inflows in excess of $4 billion. Further, Indonesia and Malaysia have seen inflows of $455 million and $961 million respectively.

•There is a view that the flows started reversing by January-end on increasing expectations that growth in the U.S. would accelerate, which would have a ripple effect on the emerging markets too. Historically, a strong growth acceleration in the developed markets has led to emerging markets being significant beneficiaries. This time though, analysts are taking a cautious view as the Trump administration has talked about trade restrictions and punitive import duties while calling domestic companies to manufacture more in the U.S. Much would depend on the valuations as the recent surge has made Indian markets expensive in both the relative and absolute sense. Based on parameters like price earnings and price to book returns, India looks about 40-50% higher than the regional average.

•Finally, corporate earnings would also be an important factor to decide the course of foreign flows. Currently, there is hardly a bullish view on earnings growth as many are expecting a hit from demonetisation and global economic momentum is yet to decisively strengthen. Incidentally, the recent surge has entirely been due to liquidity as investors have been betting on equity on the back of a strong mandate for the ruling political party. So, from an economic point of view, a combination of slightly cheaper valuations and consensus growth in earnings are the key to continued foreign flows.

My battle with TB

•India is the tuberculosis (TB) capital of the world, with more than 2.8 million cases. Thousands of Indians are being pushed into depression, poverty, suffering and debt every day due to this disease. Clearly, we seem to be losing the battle against this foe, seemingly deadlier than terrorism.

•TB is curable, but why is it such a challenge to control? This disease is caused by one of the most mutative bacteria that can respond differently to medication. We have only a handful of drugs to treat TB, and there are chances that the bacteria might turn resistant to some. Depending on the condition, we have drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), extensively-drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB). India has over 100,000 such cases. XDR-TB needs stringent and accurate treatment, and few drugs work in such cases. Chances of survival are often minimal. More than 30 years of research has yielded two new drugs — Bedaquiline and Delamanid. Considered miracle drugs, they can be used apart from traditional TB medicines.

•Recently, a young girl, barely 18, and who is battling XDR-TB, was denied Bedaquiline. The reason given by the government was that she didn’t have the appropriate domicile. The drug is available in select cities and requires stringent monitoring.

My fight

•It reminded me of my own struggle, two years ago, when I was diagnosed as a borderline XDR-TB case. There was barely any medication that could work on me. My doctor applied for me to receive Bedaquiline on compassionate grounds. Unfortunately, I could not qualify for the drug for technical reasons. My heart rate and calcium levels were higher than the range required, which posed a serious risk.

•I could not believe the denial. All hope seemed to slip away. I was barely 21, 50 kg and had my entire life ahead of me. However, my doctor did not give up and put me on a combination of highly potent drugs, used in severe, drug-resistant conditions. Though a risk, it worked. But with the beneficial impact of treatment, came the sideeffects. Due to these medicines, there was concurrent monitoring along with special care.

Think of the patient

•This girl’s father went to court. It worked and she will be started on Bedaquiline shortly. What if he had failed? The government needs to realise that not having access to a life-saving drug is devastating. Patients lose hope and the motivation to fight. While it is essential to keep such drugs in safe hands to ensure no further resistance, you cannot deny patients potentially life-saving drugs. Why can’t we develop a system that allows access to such drugs under strong monitoring? We need to ensure that patients everywhere, irrespective of where they seek care, have access to it.

•The case of this young girl is a mirror to thousands of patients who do not have access to a potentially life-saving drug. For some, it could shorten the treatment or provide a better quality of life, for others it could simply save them. The government needs to create a strategic partnership with the private sector to develop an easier protocol needed to make such drugs accessible. Also, there is a need to estimate the need of this drug — we still don’t know how much drug resistance we have. Finally, we need to ensure that we have cost-effective, free, high-quality testing for drug resistance available early to all patients. Patients who need this drug should be provided the free tests that are required to get this drug.

•An appropriate mechanism is a filtering process set up by an expert panel which has private sector representatives too. This group can take vital decisions for dispensing Bedaquiline and other such new drugs.

•Building further on this, there has to be priority catalytic funding provided to research organisations for development of revised regimes, drugs and techniques. There has to be adequate training of medical and paramedical staff handling the drug and sensitisation for those being given this drug.

•Unless the public health system takes an integrated approach to this problem, we will face countless compromised lives despite a potential solution within our reach. Nothing gets more disturbing than knowing this fact.

•Saurabh Rane, an MDR-TB survivor, is part of ‘Survivors Against TB’, a community of TB survivors working to strengthen India’s fight against TB

TB time bomb: the price of policy inertia

•India’s TB burden is exacerbated by the government’s refusal to augment resources and enable access to newer drugs

•A crumbling health system, slashed budgets and an overcrowded country — these factors make India the perfect playground for one of the world’s oldest diseases, tuberculosis.

•In the past year, the global public health community, led by World Health Organization (WHO), has been looking at India with trepidation. In 2015 alone, 4.8 lakh Indians died of the airborne disease. In fact, India’s leading chest physician Dr. Zarir Udwadia called it “Ebola with wings” earlier this week during a TED Talk to mark World Tuberculosis Day, which fell on Friday, March 24.

Thousands without access

•Two new TB drugs, Bedaquiline and Delamanid, being used in Europe and the United States for several years, are yet to be made available in India’s national health-care system. In January, an 18-year-old Patna girl took the government to court after she was refused Bedaquiline on the grounds that she was not a resident of Delhi. The drug is available only in six sites across the country and, according to Health Ministry’s annual TB report released on Friday, only 207 patients have access to the drug needed by at least 79,000 patients. Herein lies the crux of the matter, making India’s bureaucratic inertia the world’s problem: TB does not respect geographical boundaries and these patients continue to transmit drug-resistant forms of the disease due to the poor access to medicines. Not only does India shoulder the highest TB burden in the world with over 2 million of the 10 million cases reported here, it also accounts for the most drug-resistant patients — nearly 1.3 lakh people who do not respond to first-line drugs. “Transmission of drug-resistant TB will continue unabated unless patients get early diagnosis and the right treatment. India has to invest extensively and urgently if it has to expand the testing facilities and get the drugs to the patients. Currently, there is a mismatch between the urgency with which the government is talking and the resources we are committing,” says Chapal Mehra, a public health specialist on TB.

•In a major embarrassment for the government, WHO had to revise global TB estimates last year after India informed that it had been under-reporting TB cases from 2000 to 2015. The global estimates were revised upwards to 10.4 million people infected with TB — a jump of 5,00,000 from 2014. In its annual TB report, the Health Ministry explained that “this apparent increase in the disease burden reflects the incorporation of more accurate data. With backward calculations, both tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates are decreasing from 2000 to 2015”.

The intent-action deficit

•While the global spotlight for urgent action has sent the government back to the drawing board, experts maintain that it is not putting its money where its mouth is. The budget estimates in the annual TB report are in fact lower than that of 2014-15. As against Rs. 1,358 crore requested, the government approved Rs. 710 crore in 2014-15. In 2016, however, in the face of trenchant criticism, the budget requested actually went down to Rs. 1,000 crore and the approved budget was a measly Rs. 640 crore. “By no means is this enough to expand the programme. For the strategic plan to show impact, we must allocate enough resources,” says Mr. Mehra.

•The government will soon be launching a new strategy, and Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda has announced that his Ministry will aim to “eliminate TB” by 2025. “Ensuring affordable and quality health care to the population is a priority for the government and we are committed to achieving zero TB deaths and therefore we need to re-strategise, think afresh and have to be aggressive in our approach to end TB by 2025,” he said on World Tuberculosis Day.

•During the TED Talk, Dr. Udwadia, one of the first doctors to make Bedaquiline available in India, called tuberculosis patients “therapeutic destitutes”, adding, “Drug-resistant TB represents a collective indictment of all of us as a society. Of the tests too slow. The drugs too toxic. Of the government programme that’s underfunded and inefficient. Of the private practitioners who’ll dole out the drugs but not compassion. Of the public policy failure.”

Indians find a new bacterial target for drug development

•In an innovative approach, the researchers focused on the biofilms that normally shield the bacteria from antibiotics

•Indian researchers have found a new target that can potentially be used for developing new antibiotics that will be effective against many bacteria. The new target is made of two proteins, which form a complex that is responsible for the formation of biofilm, that perform very important functions and are critical for bacterial ability to successfully infect humans. The results were published in the journal Biofilms and Microbiomes.

Biofilm as a biological shield

•Bacteria form biofilms, a kind of matrix, during infection in plants and animals. The biofilm shields the bacteria from antibiotics and helps bacteria survive harsh conditions such as extreme temperature or stress. Now a study by Indian researchers has found the molecular signalling events that play a crucial role in biofilm formation in Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.

•Till now, all attention has been on developing antibiotics that target disease-causing bacteria and not the biofilm itself.

•One of the basic questions that scientists have been trying to answer is how and when bacteria decide to form biofilms. “One possibility is that bacteria has sensors on the surface which senses some signal and helps in biofilm formation,” says Andaleeb Sajid from the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi and one of the authors of the paper.

•“It was serendipity. Our lab was working on signalling in bacteria and we were studying PrkC and similar proteins. When PrkC protein is deleted, Bacillusbacteria are unable to form biofilm. So we started studying the mechanism by which PrkC protein controls biofilm formation,” she says.

•“Our hypothesis is that PrkC senses some signal and transmits it from outside to inside the cell. This signal goes to other proteins like GroEL. PrkC adds phosphate group (phosphorylate) to different proteins. The mystery to biofilm formation lies with one chaperone protein called GroEL. The addition of phosphate to this tiny machine initiates a course of events within bacterial cells leading to complex biofilm formation,” Dr. Sajid says.

GroEL protein’s role

•The team found several proteins receive signals from PrkC protein. Using cutting edge genetics, molecular biology and proteomics techniques, they confirmed that GroEL was regulated by PrkC.

•“From other unrelated bacteria, we already had a clue that GroEL has a role in biofilm formation. We looked at the molecular level and found six amino acid residues where phosphate was getting added to the GroEL protein. Through a series of steps, we ascertained how important phosphorylation was for proper functioning of GroEL,” says Gunjan Arora from IGIB and the first author of the paper.

•“We wanted to know if the bacteria has any other compensation mechanism to form biofilm in the absence of PrkC. So we made PrkC mutant bacteria to produce more of GroEL. The bacteria were able to form biofilm even in the absence of PrkC. This experiment helped us understand that PrkC is the influencer and GroEL is key to biofilm formation,” Dr. Arora says.

•Both PrkC and GroEL perform very important functions and are critical for bacterial ability to successfully infect humans. “We think GroEL-PrkC complex could be a target for developing new antibiotic that will be effective against many bacterial pathogens such as the ones that cause MRSA, TB and pneumonia. One strategy to tackle drug resistant bacteria will be to develop multi-drug regimen that combines traditional antibiotics with candidate drugs that can block bacterial signalling and prevent biofilm formation,” Dr. Arora says.

SUPER 6 CURRENT AFFAIRS- 25th MARCH 2017

SPORTS

VisionIAS 17:06

1) CBEC renamed as CBIC under GST regime

•The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) will be reorganized for the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime and will be renamed as the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) following Parliamentary approval.

•Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has approved the reorganization of the field formations of the CBEC for the implementation of GST.

2) Indian Navy fires surface-to-air missile from INS Vikramaditya

•The country’s sole aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya successfully carried out the maiden test of the newly installed Barak short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM).

•The 44,500 tonne carrier was commissioned into the Navy in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia. The firing was conducted as part of the 'operational readiness inspection' of the Western Fleet by Vice-Admiral Girish Luthra.

3) Aadhaar mandatory for mobile connection

•After making Aadhaar mandatory for filing income tax returns and applying for a Permanent Account Number (PAN), the government has moved to make Aadhaar-based e-KYC (know your customer) mandatory for mobile phone connections.

•The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) directed all mobile phone service providers to reverify existing customers, prepaid and postpaid, using their unique Aadhaar identity number and biometric details. Aadhaar-based e-KYC would also be mandatory for customers procuring new SIM card.

4) Navy gets three naval systems from DRDO

•Defence Minister Arun Jaitley handed over three naval systems, developed by premier Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to the Indian Navy.

•The naval systems, given to Indian Navy, are USHUS-II submarine sonar, directing gear for hull-mounted sonar array and inertial navigation system for ship applications. Sonars detect objects on or under the water and the latest systems are expected to significantly enhance the navy's navigation and communication network.

5) ISRO commissions world's third largest hypersonic wind tunnel

•The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) created history by commissioning the world’s third largest hypersonic wind tunnel at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

•A wind tunnel is used to study the effects of air flowing past a solid object—in ISRO's case, space vehicles. ISRO chairman AS Kiran Kumar has also commissioned two facilities—a one-metre Hypersonic Wind Tunnel and a one-metre Shock Tunnel, recently.

6) ISR8th Laadli Media Awards 2016

•The 8th Laadli Media Awards for Gender Sensitivity 2016 (Northern and Eastern Region) were announced at the Chinmaya Mission in New Delhi.

•Anima Pookkunnyil, Assistant Editor with BusinessLine, and Shreya Ila Anasuya, a freelance journalist, were awarded this year for their critical gender-sensitive reportage.

•Ila Anasuya was awarded for her report on Suzette Jordan. Anima Pookkunnyi was awarded for her story about Kamlesh Kairi’s petition to the Supreme Court against the unjust laws.

The HINDU Notes – 25th March

the hindu notes

VisionIAS 14:56

THE HINDU – CURRENT NOTE 25 March

Centre seeks banks’ turnaround plans

•Future capital infusion dependent on a time-bound plan from the 10 lenders

•The Finance Ministry has written to 10 public sector banks, including IDBI Bank, Bank of Maharashtra, United Bank of India, Andhra Bank and Indian Overseas Bank, making it clear that the lenders would only get further capital infusion once they submit a time-bound turnaround plan.

•The Centre, which has mandated State Bank of India’s merchant banking arm SBI Caps to vet each bank’s plan, wrote to the state-owned lenders last week stipulating that they would each have to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the government, agreeing to stick to the turnaround plan.

•“The government wants 10 public sector banks to turn around in the next three years, and we are preparing the plan for that,” a public sector bank chief executive, who did not wish to be identified, told The Hindu.

•The government’s move to crack the whip on lenders comes after some banks reported losses in financial year 2015-16 as well as for the nine-month period of the current financial year. Bad loans zoomed following the Reserve Bank of India’s asset quality review, which required banks to classify many accounts identified by the banking regulator as ‘bad’. The RBI said it wanted to clean up banks’ balance sheets by March 2017.

•In its financial stability report, RBI had said banks may remain risk averse in the near future as they clean up their balance sheets and their capital position may remain insufficient to support higher credit growth.

•According to RBI data, gross non-performing assets of commercial banks increased to 9.1% of their gross advances as of September 2016, from 5.1% a year earlier. Public sector banks share a disproportionate burden of this stress.

•In 2015, under the Indradhanush plan, the government had announced capital infusion of ₹70,000 crore in public sector banks for four years, starting from 2015-16. In the first two financial years, ₹25,000 crore had been earmarked per year with ₹10,000 crore to be disbursed in each of the remaining two years. Credit rating agencies had pointed out that the sum was insufficient as banks needed to meet Basel-III norms as well as make provisions for rising bad loans.

•Last week, United Bank of India, Andhra Bank, IOB and Dena Bank informed the stock exchanges that they had received capital “as part of turnaround-linked infusion plan”.

•Interestingly, for the first time, the employees’ unions have been made a party to the proposed agreement. The employees’ unions of these 10 banks met on Friday to decide the future course of action.

•The other lenders included in the list are Allahabad Bank, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Dena Bank and UCO Bank

Drug-resistant TB a concern

•In India, Health Ministry’s targets are unrealistic due to current budgets

•In connection with World Tuberculosis (TB) Day on Friday, a candlelight vigil was organised at India Gate, paying tribute to the nearly 5 lakh patients who succumbed to the disease last year. The tuberculosis epidemic affects 28 lakh Indians; another 79,000 people suffer from type of TB resistant to most antibiotics.

•India has come under criticism from the global public health community for giving inaccurate estimates of the tuberculosis burden between 2000 and 2015. In a TED Talk on ‘India’s Tuberculosis crisis’, Zarir F Udwadia, a leading expert on TB and chest physician at the Hinduja Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, called it, “Ebola with wings.”

Contagious infection

•Tuberculosis is a contagious infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it usually attacks the lungs. It can also spread to other parts of the body like the brain and spine. Tuberculosis is contagious and spreads through the air, much like cold or flu. Public health experts maintain that the unchecked rise of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in India will threaten the progress made globally. “Our real crisis is drug resistance and nearly 1 in every 5 cases I see has primary resistance. We do not have any preparation to deal with DR TB. I feel optimistic that the government is showing interest but the Health Ministry’s targets are unrealistic with current budgets and strategies. There is no way India will eliminate TB by 2025,” said Chapal Mehra, a public health specialist.

•According to the Health Ministry, 17.5 lakh TB patients and 33,820 DR TB patients were notified in 2016 from public and private health. The two new WHO recommended drugs for DR TB, Delaminid & Bedaquiline, are not currently available in Indian national TB programme. While Delaminid is yet to be registered in India, Bedaquiline is available at only 6 States in the country, under compassionate use. “People living with MDR and XDR-TB are not receiving adequate treatment in India. One drug is not registered at all. The other one is available only in 6 States and all too often patients die before they can access the medication,” said Paul Lhungdim, a patient activist with The Delhi Network of Positive People.

National plan

•Meanwhile, the Indian government will soon be releasing the National Strategic Plan for TB Control (2017-2025), with an overarching framework to achieving the elimination goal. Speaking on the occasion of World TB Day, Kalikesh Singh Deo, a Member of Parliament engaged with TB, said that, “India cannot address its TB epidemic until it increases its budgets and transforms the TB programme. With an Indian dying of TB at every minute we can no longer wait,” he says in his message.

Plea to bar convicts from politics: SC seeks govt. view

•Court posts matter for further hearing on April 18

•The Supreme Court on Friday asked the Centre to respond to a petition seeking to bar convicted persons from contesting polls for life and preventing their entry into the judiciary and the executive.

•A Bench comprising Justices Ranjan Gogoi and Navin Sinha asked the government to file its reply in two weeks and posted the matter for further hearing on April 18.

•Recently the Election Commission had endorsed the plea filed by advocate Ashwini Upadhyay, agreeing that a uniform ban would be in the spirit of fundamental rights of the Constitution, including the right to equality.

•As of now, a person, on conviction, is debarred from contesting any elections for the period of his or her prison sentence and six years thereafter.

•The Commission in its affidavit had said that it was “alive to the issues that concern the conduct of free and fair elections and functioning of healthy democracy and as such asserting for bringing in electoral reforms which further the cause of free and fair elections.”

•The Election Commission said it has already submitted details proposal for poll reforms.

INS Vikramaditya fires surface-to-air missile

•Newly installed Barak missile tested

•Over three years after joining the Navy, the country’s sole aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya on Friday successfully carried out the maiden test of the newly installed Barak short range surface-to-air missile.

•“During the firing carried out in the Arabian Sea, the missile was fired against a live, low-flying, high-speed target. The target was successfully engaged and destroyed,” a Navy officer said.

•The 44,500 tonne carrier was commissioned into the Navy in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia and was originally scheduled to have the long range surface- to-air missile system under joint development with Israel. But delay in its development resulted in the carrier being inducted into the force without its own air defence system, and forcing it to rely on support ships in the carrier battle group for air cover.

•The firing was conducted as part of the operational readiness inspection of the Western Fleet by Vice-Admiral Girish Luthra, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Western Naval Command, from March 21-23, the Navy said in a statement.

Cloak of invisibility

•Changes in political funding regulations are a setback to efforts to bring in transparency

•Well before financial year 2017-18 begins, the Lok Sabha has signed off on the Budget with the passage of the Finance Bill of 2017. It includes multiple amendments proposed by the government that did not figure in Arun Jaitley’s speech of February 1, either in letter or in spirit. For instance, while the speech devoted 420 words to proposed measures to improve transparency in electoral funding, amendments have been made to the Companies Act of 2013 that actually turn the clock back on existing disclosure standards. Till now, companies could only contribute up to 7.5% of their average net profits in the past three financial years to political parties. They were required to disclose in their profit and loss accounts the amount of contributions and the names of political parties to which they were made. The ceiling has now been dropped, paving the way for a firm to deploy unlimited capital into political coffers irrespective of its own financial and operational health. Companies would still have to reveal the extent of their financing of parties, but no longer have to name their preferred parties. For the sake of argument, one could say the 7.5% limit was arbitrary and restricted willing and able corporate donors’ ability to influence political activity. But doing away with the limit makes firms susceptible to funding ‘requests’ from local, regional or national political formations while taking away excuses — such as it being a loss-making unit, or breaching the funding cap.

•This would open up new opportunities in crony capitalism. Pressure could be exerted on a company awaiting government clearances, or a loan restructuring from public or cooperative sector financiers. Even a publicly listed company can set up subsidiaries just to fund parties. This removes any pretence of transparency in the process as the donor will not have to disclose who he paid; the recipient has no such obligation either. It is not surprising that India Inc. has remained stoically silent so far. This abandonment of the 7.5% requisite comes in tandem with the proposal to float electoral bonds to give anonymity to political donors. The scheme for such ‘bearer’ bonds is still being worked out with the central bank, but how this will meet the objective of transparency isn’t clear yet. The push for cashless modes for political contributions sounds worthy, but reducing the ₹20,000 limit on cash donations to ₹2,000 does nothing to guarantee that monetary muscle power will dissipate from electoral processes. Instead of, say, a lakh of such donors, a party can now share 10 lakh random names to justify cash holdings. Transparency is not synonymous with anonymous transactions, unlimited corporate donations, relaxed disclosure norms and the persistence of cash. The Budget’s promise of “reform to bring about greater transparency and accountability in political funding, while preventing future generation of black money”, truly rings hollow.

One India, two time zones

•The insistence on observing IST vis-à-vis Northeast India’s needs ignores its social and economic impact

•In a two paragraph order delivered by Chief Justice Ajit Singh, the Gauhati High Court has dismissed a public interest litigation filed by Rita Mozumder seeking a direction from the Central government to notify a separate time zone for the Northeast. The court cites a high-level committee study, constituted by the Ministry of Science and Technology, that recognised the difficulties faced by a single time zone in eastern India but concluded that Indian Standard Time (IST) should nonetheless be retained. The issues raised by the petition demanded more than a cursory order dismissing the petition given the importance of the issue. Legislators, activists, industrialists and ordinary citizens from the Northeast have often complained about the effect of IST on their lives, and pursued the issue of having a separate time zone with the Central government, without much success. The petition arose after repeated rejections by the government.

•The idea of a standard time zone has become so integral to our lives that we often take it for granted and assume it to be a part of natural phenomena. We tend to forget the complex contestations — including legal ones — that go into its making. The creation of a time zone signals the victory of time over space with geographical areas being brought under a single time zone rather than relying on local solar time. It entails a denial of local time — or a separation of time from space — a very significant fact if you consider what it means to the experience of social and economic lives. In the case of India, the time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. The journalist, writer and academic Sanjoy Hazarika describes the Northeast as being stuck in “trapped in a time zone that makes neither common sense nor social and economic sense”.

There is a strong case

•In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. In winter this problem gets even more accentuated and the ecological costs are a disaster with much more electricity having to be consumed. Profs. D.P. Sengupta, and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. None of the other proposals such as the introduction of daylight saving time in India has met with any approval and it is felt that having two time zones would be unsuitable. There is of course a strong political dimension to granting a separate time zone in the Northeast given the region’s long history of self-determination movements. The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. This appears to me to be a short-sighted perspective. If socioeconomic development is indeed one of the formulae to combat insurgency, might it not be worthwhile to consider the disastrous impact that IST has on productivity and efficiency in the region?

•A few years ago, then Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi, frustrated with the decision of the Centre not to have a separate Northeast time, unilaterally decided that Assam would follow ChaiBagaan time. Bagaan time or tea time is a reference to an informal practice followed in tea gardens in Assam which is an hour ahead of IST. It alerts us to the fact that there is indeed a long history of the application of different time zones in India. We find evidence of this in the Constituent Assembly debates. On December 28, 1948, responding to an amendment proposed by Naziruddin Ahmad, Dr. Ambedkar asked him what system of timing he had in mind: “Is it the Greenwich time, the Standard time, Bombay time or Calcutta time?”

•Ambedkar’s reference to “Bombay time” and “Calcutta time” reminds us of an interesting aberration in the history of IST. It was instituted in 1905 but after it had been adopted, Bombay traders found it difficult to convert to IST. Because the conversion to IST was sought to be effected at a time when there was considerable public resentment over the Tilak sedition trial, the government found little support for this shift among the people in Bombay. Bombay Time was maintained right up to 1955 with Bombay following its own time zone which was 38 minutes ahead of the rest of the country.

Our use of time

•While the court may have been reticent to intervene in what it saw primarily as an executive prerogative, it also passed an opportunity to examine a fascinating dimension of temporal justice that Indian courts have not had an opportunity to address, but other jurisdictions have had to contend with. In the U.S., battles over daylight-saving time regularly went to court and it was not until 1966 with the passing of the Uniform Time Act that they had a uniform national period of daylight-saving time. Todd D. Rakoff in his work on the invisibility of time in structuring the law argues that there is a normative dimension of time that seems to underwrite a number of legal arrangements, and the question of how we, as a society, structure our time is mirrored in the question how we structure our laws. He terms this the ‘laws of time’ and includes within this ambit a range of regulatory norms from the standardization of time to the length of work day and the creation of holidays and social time. But as with any other normative systems, the ‘chrononormative’ (in Elizabeth Freeman’s memorable characterisation) functions by invisibilising its own structures of power and control.

•Responding to the various objections raised about a separate time zone, journalist, writer and academic Sanjoy Hazarika raises critical questions and asks us to consider why it is that the development index leans considerably in favour of western India as opposed to the east, and what impact differential time may have on it. This I believe is a question that has a significant impact on the interpretation of ‘life’ in Article 21 of the Constitution. Even if the Gauhati High Court were unwilling to issue a substantive order, it certainly had the discretion to ask for a study on the legal impact of a single time zone on the fundamental rights of people. This is perhaps a question that the Law Commission may find worthy of investigating further. In the meantime, we will have to be content with the tweaking of local orders changing office timings etc. And, most of east India will continue to feel the vagaries of IST an inconvenience while the further you go to the Northeast, it will be experienced as the caprice of the state.

Aadhaar now needed for mobile connection

•The move will impact more than 100 crore customers

•The Department of Telecommunications on Friday issued a notification, directing all phone service providers to reverify details for all existing subscribers through Aadhaar-based e-KYC (Know Your Customer) process.

•This follows a Supreme Court order last month in which it had approved the government’s plan to record the identification details of mobile subscribers through an e-KYC mechanism linked to Aadhaar.

•The move will impact more than 100 crore mobile phone subscribers in the country, 90% of whom are prepaid card users.

•The process is likely to cost about ₹2,500 crore which will be borne by the service providers, according to industry body COAI.

•“All licensees shall re-verify all existing mobile subscriber (prepaid and postpaid) through Aadhaar based e-KYC process,” the department said in a notification, adding that the process should be complete by February 6, 2018.

Data services

•Mobile connections used for data services will be verified using the alternate number.

•The department’s decision comes two days after Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley moved an amendment to the Finance Bill 2017 to make Aadhaar mandatory for individuals to apply for a PAN (Permanent Account Number) card and for filing income tax returns from July 1 this year.

•Earlier this week, the Centre made it mandatory for beneficiaries to quote their Aadhaar number to avail themselves of benefits under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana for skill development, and the Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers.

Grains to pension

•The Centre had identified 31 schemes in which the Aadhaar could be made mandatory. Notifications have been issued in recent months by departments to make Aadhaar compulsory for getting subsidised grains under the National Food Security Act, jobs under the MGNREGA and pension benefits under the Employees’ Pension Scheme.

•The Department of Telecommunications in the notification has instructed that the industry intimate their existing subscribers through advertisement in print and electronic media as well as SMS “about the orders of the Supreme Court for reverification activity and shall upload the complete details of this activity on their website.”

•The department has also asked that companies devise a mechanism to avoid public inconvenience as well as long public queues.

•“Once a subscriber is reverified and the details in the subscriber base are updated successfully as the eKYC process, the licensee can destroy the old customer application forms of such reverified subscribers unless the licensee is directed to preserve the same by the licensor or law enforcement agencies or judicial forums,” the notification stated.

Address proof

•It added that any subscriber acquired through proof of identity or proof of address documents during the period of reverification will also need to be reverified.

•In January this year, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) had recommended the use of Aadhaar-based e-KYC for verification of existing mobile subscribers.

•It had, however, proposed that this process should be optional to the service providers as well as mobile subscribers.

‘PSU banks hold key to financial sector rejig’

•Former Reserve Bank of India Governor Y.V. Reddy said that the issue of non-performing assets, most of which are with public sector banks, needed more than just recapitalisation as a cure, and that the public sector banks were key to the modernisation of India’s financial sector.

•“The common thread between fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial sector policy is public sector banks,” Mr. Reddy said while delivering the Sixth Dr. Raja Chelliah Memorial Lecture organised by the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.

•“The future of the financial system and indeed modernisation of the financial sector of India depends on how we overcome the intractable problem of the public sector banks.”

•“There seems to be a political economy consensus for no change or minimal change,” Mr. Reddy added.

•The former RBI Governor and chairman of the 14th Finance Commission said that the effectiveness of monetary policy depended not only on the actions of the monetary authority but also on other related policies and the efficiency of transmitting institutions.

•“With over 70% of the banks and overwhelming proportion of the financial sector in the public sector, there are issues of incentives and accountability and political interference,” Mr. Reddy said.

•“The fact that the overwhelming proportion of the non-performing assets are with the public sector banks shows that the reform will have to go beyond simply recapitalising the banks.”

•The former RBI governor added that a professional approach and a capacity to evaluate lending proposals could not be expected from public sector institutions that are bailed out from time to time with taxpayers’ money.

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